Selected Intellectual Property Links Curated by Elizabeth Liggio Barrett
http://ipr-helpdesk.org/t_en/home.asp The Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Helpdesk was created by the European Commission as the central reference point for IPR inquiries throughout the European Union. The IPR Helpdesk Legal Team is available to help protect intellectual property rights and to assist with patent issues in particular.
	http://www.law.vill.edu/chron/articles/merrill.html The Center for Information Law and Policy is sponsored by Villanova University’s School of Law and the Illinois Institute of Technology’s Chicago-Kent College of Law. From Charles Merrill’s article "Cryptography for Attorneys–Beyond Clipper": "If attorneys are not destined to sit by the side of the information superhighway, watching passively while the legal rules of the paperless society are implemented by others, the legal profession needs to improve its acquaintance and comfort level with the technology and terminology of cryptography. This article is an attempt to begin that educational process."
http://www.cbi.umn.edu Charles Babbage Institute for the History of Computing at the University of Minnesota is dedicated to the promotion and preservation of the history of computing and information processing.
	The Industry Standard The newsmagazine of the Internet economy.
http://eff.org The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization working in the public interest to protect fundamental civil liberties, including privacy and freedom of expression, in the arena of computers and the Internet.
	http://www.eff.org/effector/ This is the archive of the EFF online newsletter.
http://www.eff.org/homes/fena.html Bio of Lori Fena, executive director of EFF and an expert on the subject of intellectual property rights and civil liberties, including issues relating to free speech, privacy, and encryption.
	http://www.cni.org/ Coalition for Networked Information seeks to advance the scholarly community and the enrichment of intellectual productivity.
http://www-ninch.cni.org/ National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage document entitled "Basic Principles for Managing Intellectual Property in the Digital Environment." This document was prepared by the Committee on Libraries and Intellectual Property of the National Humanities Alliance (NHA) in an effort to build consensus within the educational community on uses of copyrighted works in the digital environment.
	http://iitf.doc.gov/ The Clinton administration’s "White Paper on Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure" is posted here on the President’s Information Infrastructure Taskforce site.
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper.html Wired Online article by Pamela Samuelson entitled "The Copyright Grab," whose subject is the Clinton administration’s White Paper: "Browsing through a borrowed book, lending a magazine to a friend, copying a news article for your files . . . the Clinton administration plans to make such activities illegal for works distributed via digital networks."
	http://www.eff.org/pub/GII_NII/Govt_docs/HTML/ipwg_samuelson.html Article by Pamela Samuelson, "Legally Speaking: The NII Intellectual Property Report." Samuelson critiques the White House’s 1994 White Paper on intellectual property: ". . . not since the King of England in the sixteenth century gave a group of printers exclusive rights to print books in exchange for the printer’s agreement not to print heretical or seditious material has a government copyright policy been so skewed in favor of publishers' interests and so detrimental to public interest."
http://www.dfc.org/ Digital Future Coalition is a group formed by opponents of the Clinton administration’s "White Paper on Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure." The site provides clear and extensive information on congressional proceedings and actions related to digital copyright issues.
	www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.07/dyson.html An article by Esther Dyson entitled "Intellectual Value," which was published in Wired magazine: "In the new communities of the Net, the intrinsic value of content generally will remain high, but most individual items will have a short commercial half-life . . . where the physical manifestation of content is almost irrelevant. . . . What will almost-free software and proliferating content do to commercial markets for content? What business models will succeed in this foreign economy?"
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/276/5310/223 "Copyright: Evolution, Not Revolution," by J. Leides, in Science. REQUIRES SUBSCRIPTION TO ACCESS. To access this article an individual subscription is needed. I don’t know why.
	http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/ Science magazine article: "Intellectual Property: Who Should Own Scientific Papers?" Steven Bachrach, R. Stephen Berry, Martin Blume, Thomas von Foerster, Alexander Fowler, Paul Ginsparg, Stephen Heller, Neil Kestner, Andrew Odlyzko, Ann Okerson, Ron Wigington, and Anne Moffat. Science 1998 September 4; 281: 1459-1460. (in Policy Forum) In many instances, publishers enforce tighter controls over Internet copyright, dissemination, and pricing than exist in the traditional print world, and this conflicts with the new environment for communicating about science. This URL goes to the entire archive for Science Magazine. Click on the category "SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY" to locate this article.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/280/5364/698 "Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research" by Michael Heller and Rebecca S. Eisenberg: "Privatization of biomedical research must be more carefully deployed to sustain both upstream research and downstream product development. Otherwise, more intellectual property rights may lead to fewer useful products for improving human health." Eisenberg and Heller teach law at the University of Michigan. Professor Eisenberg is an expert on biotechnology and the role of intellectual property at the public/private divide in research science, and Professor Heller writes and teaches about property theory and international law.
	http://www.amsci.org/amsci/articles/98articles/walker.html "Free Internet Access to Traditional Journals, "an article by Thomas J. Walker in American Scientist, September-October 1998, Volume 86, No. 5 concerning free Internet access to traditional journals: "Can scientists find ways to share published research without high cost? The experiences of one society suggest it can be done cheaply, even profitably.
http://chronicle.com/colloquy/98/copyright/background.htm An article from the Chronicle of Higher Education: "A Provost Challenges His Faculty to Keep Copyright on Journal Articles" by Lisa Guernsey: ". . . the provost of the California Institute of Technology has suggested that faculty members refuse to sign over the copyright on journal articles they publish. . . . Some faculty members are embracing the idea. Others fear that their careers could be hurt if they do not play by the publishers’ current rules."
	http://isilinks.com/CPL/CPL.cgi?Func=Cit…ZWLUFiJVW9Qoxn0skER 0maaT.c7ocjrTOgR6zG7 Institute for Scientific Information Citation Databases —ISI Citation Database Citing Articles-Summary CPL 2.0 "Who Should Own Scientific Papers?" ISI publishes scholarly bibliographic databases for the global research community. ISI maintains the most comprehensive bibliographic database of research information in the world which are primarily distributed worldwide via the Internet/Intranet
http://www.law.syr.edu/FLSPC/conleyobarr.htm Article about anthropology and law posted on the Syracuse University College of Law site: "Legal Anthropology Comes Home: A Brief History of the Ethnographic Study of Law" by John M. Conley and William O’Barr: "Throughout the history of legal anthropology, there have been debates over such issues as whether all societies have law . . . and whether the concept of private property is universal. . . . The legal anthropology of America must examine law as a culture onto itself, and also as a constituent of a much broader cultural milieu."
	http://www.wipo.org/ Site of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an intergovernmental organization responsible for the promotion of intellectual property throughout the world and for the administration of various multilateral treaties dealing with the legal and administrative aspects of intellectual property. It is one of sixteen specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organizations.
http://www.oreilly.com/~andyo/ar/copyright_cycle.html Explanation of WIPO legislation for digital media copyright.
	http://www.wipo.int/eng/diplconf/distrib/95dc.htm Proceedings from WIPO conference (Geneva, December 2—20, 1996) on copyright and neighboring rights issues. The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty was adopted by the Diplomatic Conference on December 20, 1996.
http://clea.wipo.int The Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA) is administered by WIPO. It contains national legislative texts in the field of intellectual property, texts of treaties administered by WIPO and bibliographic data concerning each legislative text and treaty. CLEA has a bibliographic database in English and a full-text database in English, French, and Spanish.
	http://ecommerce.wipo.int WIPO link dealing with Electronic Commerce and Intellectual Property: The site is maintained in English, French, and Spanish and includes links to the WIPO Digital Agenda (available in English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Spanish, and Russian), which sets out a series of guidelines and goals for WIPO in seeking to develop practical solutions to the challenges raised by the impact of electronic commerce on intellectual property rights.
http://ipdl.wipo.int WIPO link to Intellectual Property Data Collections. This section provides access to various intellectual property data collections currently hosted by the International Bureau of WIPO, as well as a selection of other sites providing access to intellectual property information.
	http://www.wipo.int/biotech WIPO has convened a Working Group on Biotechnology from the private sector and governments of its member states. The purpose of the working group is to identify issues related to biotechnology and intellectual property rights, which may be included in the WIPO work program beginning in the 2000—2001 biennium, as determined by member states. This page at the WIPO Web site provides information on members’ work and disseminates related documents, including relevant legislation and technical papers prepared by experts in the field.
http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB19980506S0024 TechWeb’s Technology News site with links and articles about digital copyright.
	http://www.icann.org/ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a non-profit private-sector organization responsible for Internet Protocol addresses, domain names, and protocol parameters, previously performed under contract to the U.S. government by IANA–the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority–and other entities. "Created in October 1998 by a broad coalition of the Internet’s business, technical, academic, and user communities…ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet’s root server system."
www.transaction.net/people/paulina.html Paulina Borsook article "Silicon Polity: Or, the True Revenge of the Nerds": "Its a no-brainer to document the well-established phenom of the Net’s default libertarianism, but what will result when people attempting to shape public policy know little about history or political science, [or] most important how to interact with other humans?"
	http://www.technorealism.org/ Link to the document "Technorealism: An Overview": "Technorealism demands that we think critically about the role that tools and interfaces play in human evolution and everyday life. Integral to this perspective is our understanding that the current tide of technological transformation, while important and powerful, is actually a continuation of waves of change."
www.byte.com/art/9403/sec5/art4htm "Highway Safety: The Key Is Encryption," an article by Paulina Borsook: The question of how information sent over the data superhighway will be kept safe and secure, ensuring privacy for individuals and commercial operators, is far from resolved. Borsook asserts that data encryption is vital to ensure that data is kept private.
	www.negativland.com/intprop.html Link from Paulina Borsook’s site. The experimental music and art collective known as Negativland has been recording music/audio/collage works since 1980. A view of corporate culture from outside its fringes, and their first confrontation with what they consider to be the ill-advised aspects of our nation's copyright laws, produced the 1995 book Fair Use: The Story of the Letter U and the Numeral 2. "This book details the purposeless folly that often results when art and law collide." Fair Use has now become a primary reference book for those who research music and intellectual property law, and it is presently on the reading list of many law schools and university classes on media law and the arts.
http://www.internetstudies.org/ The Unit for Internet Studies promotes awareness and research into the consequences of the Internet on political, social, and economic structures.
	www.isoc.org/ ISOC, The Internet Society, provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet.
www.ifea.net/ The Internet Free Expression Alliance is dedicated to ensure that the Internet continues as a forum for open, diverse, unimpeded expression.
	www.w3.org/TandS/ World Wide Web Consortium’s Technology and Society Domain.
www.gilc.nl Global Internet Liberty Campaign is an organization dedicated to the preservation of civil liberties and human rights on the Internet.
	www.cyber-rights.org Cyber Rights and Cyber Liberties (UK) closely observes government action and legislation in the United Kingdom and European Union. Its main purpose is to promote free speech and privacy on the Internet.
www.wia.org World Internetworking Alliance. "The World Internetworking Alliance is a coalition of parties working together to help effect a truly international, independent, autonomous Internet institutional environment where diverse bodies - corporate, non-profit, and governmental - cooperate but retain their own identity and independence, working together toward achieving a open, competitive marketplace at all levels."
	www.gip.org Global Internet Project is an international group of senior executives committed to spurring the growth of the Internet worldwide.
www.ilpf.org Internet Law and Policy Forum (ILPF) is comprised of members of the business community who seek to examine the legal and policy issues emerging from the development of the Internet.
	www.cpsr.org Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility is a public-interest alliance of computer scientists and others concerned about the impact of computer technology on society.
www.internetalliance.org The Internet Alliance (IA) is an association of businesses which lobbies the U.S. government to promote the interests of the American Internet industry.
	http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/bennett.html Yale University Libraries’ copyright position and proposal discussion site.
http://www.anu.edu.au/caul/ Council of Australian University Librarians’ site on copyright and intellectual property issues; contains articles, papers, documents, reports, bibliography, etc.
	http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/ UKOLN, the United Kingdom Office for Library & Information Networking, is a British national center for support in network information management in library and information communities. It provides awareness, research, and information services.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/ The Electronic Libraries Programme is part of the UK higher education system’s efforts to digitally transform libraries.
	http://fairuse.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Libraries’ site about and for copyright and fair use resources; it lists current legislation and cases, resources on the Internet dealing with copyright law, and an overview of copyright law.
http://www.bookzone.com Site of Bookzone, the Internet’s largest publishing community, with useful links relevant to copyright information and legal issues.
	www.wired.com/news/news/culture/story/13298.html Wired article by Steve Silberman entitled "Putting History Online": The information preservation giant UMI is establishing its Digital Vault Initiative, which ultimately will hold its digitized 5.5 billion-page archive containing documents going back to the first texts printed in English.
http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,2333,00.html "Copy Culture Is Our Nature ," a Wired article by John Alderman about Hillel Schwartz’s book The Nature of the Copy. Schwartz addresses such issues as the social implications of duplication, authenticity, and copyright law. asserting that we are living in the "culture of the copy" and that we value our ability to create replicas over anything authentic.
	www.ecommerce.gov U.S. government Web site on electronic commerce policy, containing the "Framework for Global Electronic Commerce," important U.S. documents on electronic commerce policy, other related government sites, and international sites.
http://www.publaw.com Publishing Law Center Web site provides legal information for the publishing community.
	http://www.uspto.gov The Web site of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and Patent Electronics Business Center.
http://wigginanddana.com/ Intellectual Property Advisory newsletter published by a private law firm.
	http://abbedon.com Abbe Don’s Web page: Don, president of her own Internet design and consulting firm, is an interface designer working with companies such as Sun Microsystems to develop World Wide Web sites and enhance companies' presence on the Web. She is one of the leading voices in digital storytelling, whereby the capabilities of computers allow readers a more conversational and interactive role in the flow of the narrative.
http://www.copyright.com/resources/ The Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), Inc. CCC provides licensing systems for the reproduction and distribution of copyrighted materials in print and electronic formats throughout the world and is the largest licenser of photocopy reproduction rights. The company currently manages rights relating to more than 1.75 million works and represents more than 9,600 publishers and hundreds of thousands of authors and other creators, directly or through their representatives. CCC-licensed customers in the U.S. number more than 9,000 corporations and subsidiaries (including 90 of the Fortune 100 companies), as well as thousands of government agencies, law firms, document suppliers, libraries, academic institutions, copy shops, and bookstores. CCC is a member of the International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO) and has bilateral agreements with Reproduction Rights Organizations (RRO) in eleven countries worldwide, under which it repatriates fees for overseas use of U.S. works.
	http://www.cdt.org Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) works to promote democratic values and constitutional liberties in the digital age. With expertise in law, technology, and policy, CDT seeks practical solutions to enhance free expression and privacy in global communications technologies. Topics covered include free speech, data privacy, wiretapping, cryptography, the international scene, opportunities for citizens to take action, legislation, and headlines.
http://www.uni-mannheim.de/studorg/gahg/PGP/cryptolog1.html Crypto-Log Internet Guide to Cryptography provides national and international resources on cryptology.
	http://cwis.kub.nl/~frw/people/koops/lawsurvy.htm The Crypto Law Survey gives an overview of the current international state of affairs, with entries for a variety of countries about import/export controls, domestic laws, developments to restrict cryptography, and developments favoring crypto use.
http://www.publishers.org/home/index.htm Association of American Publishers, Inc. (AAP), with some 250 members located throughout the United States, is the principal trade association of the book-publishing industry. The site covers copyright and intellectual freedom issues.
	http://bioethics.gov/cgi-bin/bioeth_counter.pl National Bioethics Advisory Commission "The National Bioethics Advisory Commission advises the National Science and Technology Committee. Chaired by the President of the United States and other appropriate entities and the public, on bioethical issues arising from research on human biology and behavior, and the applications of that research." This Commission in particular deals with issues pertaining to biotechnological patents.
http://www.aipla.org American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA) represents a wide and diverse spectrum of individuals, companies, and institutions involved directly or indirectly in the practice of patent, trademark, copyright, and unfair competition law, as well as other fields of law affecting intellectual property. Members represent both owners and users of intellectual property.
	http://www.heckel.org/ Intellectual Property Creators (IPC) is a nonprofit organization of inventors, product developers, and entrepreneurs interested in providing a knowledgeable inventor's perspective on public-policy patent issues, unfiltered by the special interests of the legal community, large companies, and other non-inventor interests.
http://www.law.vill.edu/~gruner/patport.htm Professor Gruner’s Patent Portal: Patent lawyer and Villanova University law professor Richard S. Gruner's farsighted portal to patent resources, including news, publications, organizations, legislation, general patent law and theory, discussion groups, search services, attorneys and agents, and more.
	http://www.fplc.edu/pointbox.htm The Franklin Pierce Intellectual Property Mall Pointer main menu. Outstanding centralized resource for intellectual property.
http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/index.htm Paul Geller’s article "From Patchwork to Network: Strategies for International Intellectual Property in Flux": "Laws of intellectual property define what is bought and sold on media and technology markets, notably works, trademarks, and inventions. Laws and treaties have traditionally been made and enforced by nation-states operating in a patchwork of territories. Now the media and technology marketplace is being globalized into digital networks, and the law is only beginning to respond to this change."
	http://ipmag.com IP WorldWide, the magazine for law and policy for high technology.
http://www.siia.net/ The Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) is the principal trade association for the software and digital content industry. SIIA provides global services in government relations, business development, corporate education, and intellectual property protection to the leading companies setting the pace for the digital age.
	http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,35267,00.html Wired article "Patent Office Changing Net Rules," (Reuters) about the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s overhaul of its analysis of applications for online business patents that can grant exclusive rights to methods of electronic commerce. The article lists links to other related Wired links about online patents.
http://www.corbis.com Corbis is a private company founded by Bill Gates in 1989 to develop markets for digital images.
	http:// www.ICSA.net National Computer Security Association, whose name has been changed to International Computer Security Association (ICSA). ICSA.net is the worldwide leader in security assurance services for Internet-connected companies.
www.sims.berkeley.edu/~pam/papers.html Selected papers by Pamela Samuelson. Professor Samuelson, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" recipient, is one of the foremost authorities on the impact of new media, particularly the Internet, on copyright protection.
	http://www.epsmith.com/smith4.htm Private attorney Edward P. Smith’s Web site, which features many computer and information telecommunications law and information resources.